The Theory Of The Classical School - 1694 Words

The classical school is one of the economic thoughts; the key assumption of this school is that the market system is the most efficient system in the sense that the unencumbered market mechanism ensures the optimal allocation and utilisation of scarce resources. They also believed that â€Å"Supply creates its own demand.† (The early debate on policy atavism) In other words, in the process of producing output, businesses would also create enough income to ensure that all of the output will be sold. Another assumption is that the market system automatically restores economic equilibrium from any temporary shock, meaning government intervention is unnecessary. The second school of thought is the Keynesian school; the key assumptions of this†¦show more content†¦This has in turn causes the wage rate to fall and employment to increase; as a result from q1 to q2. â€Å"Any unemployment in the economy would be purely voluntary unemployment†.(classical theories of eco nomics) As the classical economist accepted Say’s law, they assumed there was nothing to stop the economy from rising to full employment. Providing job seekers were prepared to work for a wage that was no more than their productivity, businesses who are profit seeking would want to hire everyone who wants a job, ensuring that this level of output also reflects the full potential output of the economy and â€Å"thus guarantees the full employment† (lecture 4) because â€Å"supply creates its own demand† It is evident that classical economist had â€Å"complete faith in markets†.(classical theories of economics) In the short run any rise in aggregate demand will lead to an increase in output (q1 to q2) but it will also lead to prices increasing. This is will happen as firms suffer from diminishing returns and are required to increase the prices of their products to cover the high level of costs. The increase in aggregate demand may come about for many reasons such as increases in the money supply, the lowering of the taxation levels and finally the increasing of government expenditure. On the other hand in the long run, the situation will differ as the economy will move towards full employment by its self, and so anyShow MoreRelatedClassical School Theory568 Words   |  2 PagesThis paper is on the Classical School theory that emerged in the eighteenth century; two writes of this period were Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Among the major ideas that descend from this theory are the concepts of humans as free-willed, rational beings, utilitarianism (the greatest good for the greatest number), civil rights and due process of law, rules of evidence and testimony, determinate sentencing, and deterrence. The writes during this period examined not only human nature butRead MoreTheories of management under the classical school1365 Words   |  6 Pages Classical school of management This school flourished from the late 1800s through the 1920s and is associated with the Industrial Revolution. This is the time when society moved from agrarian to industrial. Management, though the word was not then used in the sense that we use now, was all about increasing production and improving productivity among workers. Among the first to study what would one day come to be known as management was philosopher Mary Parker Follett. After graduating fromRead MoreRoutine Activities Theory : The Classical School Of Criminological Theory1354 Words   |  6 PagesRoutine activities theory or RAT was originally proposed by the classical school of criminological theory. Classical school theorists believe that humans are rational individuals who make decisions based on their own free will. In short, humans oftentimes make decisions after taking into consideration the risk versus reward associated with the behavior. Essentially, routine activities theory draws from Amos Hawley’s (1950) theory of human ecology. This theory explores the terrestrial aspects of humanRead MoreCriminal Justice System: Classical School Theory1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will discuss a major theory that has helped shape our criminal justice system today and how it came about. There are multiple major theories that made the criminal justice system what it is today, but I will only be discussing one theory and the theory that I will be covering in this paper is the classical school theory. I chose this theory because I believe that people have a choice to decide what they do. That also plays a part in the criminal activities that they participateRead MoreBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. According to Williams and McShane 2009, the Classical School was uninterested in studying the criminal per se; it gained its associationRead MoreThe Classical School And The Neoclassic1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s Economy as it relates to Classical and Neoclassical Thought Economic thoughts and theories are constantly evolving. One reason being is the growth and evolution of humans and systems. This constant change often brings about greater economics challenges. Thus, we can strongly contend to the fact that the state of today’s economic isn’t as found in the 18th or 19th and so on. Moreover, economic theorists presented with these robust economic challenges often time build up on each other. ThatRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology935 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor principles of the Classical School of Criminology? The major principles in the Classical School of Criminology are that humans are rational and that our behavior comes from free will, and our human behavior is derived from pain and pleasure. To deter criminal’s punishment is necessary, which may set an example for others. As well as crime prevention should be implemented with quick regulated punishment for violations of the law. What were some forerunners of classical thought in criminologyRead MoreThe Classical School And The Positivist School881 Words   |  4 Pagestwo schools of criminology, which respectively are the classical school and the positivist school. I will begin by comparing and contrasting the historical background of both schools using the founders of each school. I will then continue the paper by comparing their assumptions, their findings and their key policy implications. I will do this by explaining each school’s purpose and goal. I will then argue and explain how the classical school is respectively stronger than the positivist school forRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics And Macroeconomics Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction New classical Macroeconomics is an important school of macroeconomics development since 1970s. New Classical Macroeconomics is originally evolved from the school of Rational Expectations and monetarism. New classical Macroeconomics is also referred to the Macroeconomics of the rational expectations, or equilibrium method for Macroeconomics. New classical Macroeconomics abides by traditions of the classical economics and believes in the effectiveness of market forces. New classical MacroeconomicsRead MoreThe Classical School Of Thought889 Words   |  4 Pageswill. The idea of rational choice led to the development of the Classical school of thought, which sought to deter and prevent crime by making the fear of punishment worse than the gratification attained from crime. However, while free will and rational choice sought to explain criminality, other theorists began to consider that some individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior. The development of the Classical School of thought in Criminology was a direct result of the Enlightenment

2 Easy Ways to Get Zinc Metal

Zinc is a common metallic element, used to galvanize nails and found in many alloys and foods. However, its not easy to get zinc from most of these sources and you may have trouble finding a store that sells it. Fortunately, its easy to obtain zinc metal from common products. All it takes is a bit of chemistry know-how. Here are two simple methods to try. Where to Find Zinc in a Penny Although pennies look like copper, they are really made with a thin copper shell that is filled with zinc. Its easy to separate the two metals because they have different melting points. Zinc melts at a lower temperature than copper. When you heat a penny, the zinc runs out and can be collected, leaving you with a hollow penny. To get zinc from a penny, you need: United States pennies (minted in 1982 for the right chemical composition)pliersa gas stove or torcha heat-proof container to collect the zinc Extraction Turn on the stove or torch so it will be hot enough to melt the zinc.Hold a penny with pliers and place it in the tip of the flame. This is the hottest part of a flame. If the metal is not melting, make sure its in the right part of the flame.Youll feel the penny start to soften. Hold it over the container and gently squeeze the penny to release the zinc. Be careful with this process, as the molten metal is very hot! Youll end up with zinc in your container and a hollow copper penny in your pliers.Repeat the process with more pennies until you have as much zinc as you need. Allow the metal to cool before handling it. An alternative to using pennies is to heat galvanized nails. To do this, heat the nails until the zinc runs off of them into your container. Use a Zinc-Carbon Lantern Battery Batteries are useful sources of several chemicals, but some types contain acids or hazardous chemicals, so you shouldnt cut into a battery unless you know exactly what kind it is. To get zinc from a battery, you need: a zinc-carbon batterygloves to protect your hands from sharp edgeswire cutterspliers Extraction Basically, youre going to break open the battery and dismantle it. Start by prying the rim or top off the battery.Once the top is removed, youll see four smaller batteries inside the container that are connected to each other by wires. Cut the wires to disconnect the batteries from each other.Next, youll disassemble each battery. Inside each battery is a rod, which is made of carbon. If you want carbon, you can save this part for other projects.After the rod is removed, youll see a black powder. This is a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon. You can discard it or place it in a labeled plastic bag to use for other science experiments. The powder will not dissolve in water, so it wont do you any good to rinse the battery. Wipe out the powder to reveal the zinc metal. You may need to cut open the battery to completely remove the powder. Zinc is stable in air, so once you have it, you can put it in any container to store it. Safety Information The chemicals in this project are not particularly hazardous, but either method of obtaining zinc should be performed by an adult. Melting pennies presents a burn hazard if youre not careful. Getting zinc from batteries involves sharp tools and edges. Otherwise, this metal is one of the safest chemicals to obtain. Pure zinc metal does not present a health hazard. If all else fails, you could always buy zinc metal online. Its available as a metal ingot or as a metal powder from sellers.

The Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay - 2235 Words

Asma mentioned a metaphor used by her doctor to describe her sexual condition after treatment who said ‘your ovaries are expired like an old lady’. At this point of the interview Asma cried because she felt different and experienced symptoms not associated with her age group. †¢ Role Having breast cancer affected women in carrying out their roles as mother, wife, sister and employee. Azizah and Sahrah explained how their roles shifted from being caregiver for their family to care receiver. My sister had breast cancer, she was on the second cycle of chemotherapy when I had started the chemo. I couldn’t tell her that I had it too. She is my younger sister and I was supporting her while the reality was that I need someone to support me too (Azizah). I struggled a lot in doing my role as a mother to my children †¦.a daughter to my parents †¦a friend to those around me. Sometimes I had to stay with my mother at the hospital when she was getting sick while I was suffering from the chemo’s side effect (Sahara). Other women felt that breast cancer treatment impacted their roles as mothers in carrying out tasks such as taking care after children and doing home activities: The chemotherapy experience was really tough. I was weak... I couldn’t move or walk. I was depending on my sister to help me and take care after my children (Shamas). I can’t do my house duties as before. Now, I’m depending on the house made to do the housekeeping and cooking because, I told you I can’tShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Treatment1620 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of populationRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factorsRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1134 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects so many women around the world. Even with the technology and medicine we have today to treat this deadly disease, the pain a patient experiences with breast cancer is still relentless. Pain comes from either progression of the disease or a side effect from treatment. In this article they talk about the role of the WHO’s three step analgesic ladder and how the administration of opioids for breast cancer patients experiencing pain effect ones psychological state and their qualityRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1248 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Surgeries that Involve Removal of the Entire Breast A modified radical mastectomy – during this procedure, the surgical oncologist removes the entire cancerous breast, the lining that rests above the chest muscles as well as most of the patient’s lymph nodes that are located under her arm. In addition, patients may also need to have a portion of their chest wall muscle removed. A total mastectomy (simple mastectomy) – during this procedure, the oncologist removes the entire breastRead MoreBreast Cancer And Cancer Treatment1253 Words   |  6 Pagesof a cancer makes people anxious and terrified. There are many different types of cancers, in which are not less dangerous then the other, if not caught on time. Although it is the year 2015 and there has been an extraordinary amount of medical advances in cancer treatment, there is still no cure. This leads to mysterious thoughts of cancer returning, to people all over the world. Cancer in the bones can play an enormous part in other body parts if not caught on time. Cancers such as breast, lungRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the third commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia and the most common in women. This report sets out to investiage the main pathologies of breast cancer including its aetiology, demographics in Australia and how it metastasies. It than explores the main 99mTc based radiopharmaceuticals used in bone imaging for the detection of these metastases and quantitively compares them, to determine the superiority of each. Finally the report compares the efficacy of bone scans comparedRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer950 Words   |  4 Pageskeep your body functioning correctly. When a cancer or a disease attacks healthy cells, it overtakes the entire cell’s functions and rapidly multiplies into other corrupt cells. It is very important to the safety of a person’s life to be educated on the effects of cancer and how to detect them, because it is a wildfire like disease, once it has spread it is extremely hard to control. Breast cancer intrigues me because I have a high risk of getting this cancer due to my family history; from my great auntsRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer Treatment1316 Words   |  6 Pages Breast Cancer Treatment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Only lung cancer kills more women each year in the United States than breast cancer does. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that over 184,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in 1996 (ACS Breast). Although these statistics are alarming, there are a number of treatment options available for those that are diagnosed with breast cancer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The best way to treat any disease is to prevent itRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Breast Cancer1587 Words   |  7 PagesWHAT IS CANCER? Cancer can be said to be a generic term for a large collection of diseases that can have an effect on any part of the body, it can be sometimes called malignant tumors and neoplasms. In other words, cancer can be defined as the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their normal boundaries, which are capable of invading adjoining parts of the body and spread through to the organs. However, this process is referred to as metastasis, which is the major cause of death fromRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancers are classified by several classifications as: - Histopathology - Grades - Stages - Receptor status. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors: †¢ Histopathology: Breast cancer is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance. Most breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and these cancers are classified as ductal or lobular carcinoma

Adolf Hitler s Influence On His Life - 1750 Words

Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th April 1889 in the small Austrian town of Braunau to Alois Hitler Klara Hitler. As a child Hitler was very intellectual and showed great passion for success in his education. He was popular among his peers and was often admired for his leadership qualities throughout his primary education. His father was a very dominating man, who took his anger from work problems on his family, and as Hitler progressed to his teen years he and his father often had arguments, which resulted in Hitler being beaten severely. As the years passed Hitler grew close to his mother who had a kind heart but couldn’t rebel against his father as women had no power in those days. Hitler gave up in studying hard in his secondary education due the problems with his father. His grades began to drop tremendously, which angered his father even more. He only excelled in Art Gymnastics, which was classed as ‘useless’ subjects by his father. After his father passed away when he was 14, Hitler had no strong influence to push him to continue with his studies. Later, doing horribly in his final exams, he left school with no formal education at the age of 16. At the age of 18, Hitler decided to pursue his dream of becoming an artist by trying to pass the entrance exam at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. Hitler was very confident that he would pass the exam, therefore the rejection from the academy came as a very big shock to him which Hitler couldn t accept. Hitler’s rejectionShow MoreRelatedHitler s Impact On The World War II1636 Words   |  7 Pagessquare, saluting and chanting Hitler s name. World War II has begun and many Germans hope for improvements in the economy. Their leader is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany in World War II, was a powerful speaker who caused over 5 million deaths in concentration camps. Though Hitler s impact can be felt in modern times, the roots of his atrocious behavior began at childhoodâ₠¬â€more specifically—high school. Years before Adolf Hitler was born, Hitler s great grandfather, Johann GeorgRead MoreAdolf Hitler As A Leader Of Nazi Germany1677 Words   |  7 PagesAdolf Hitler once said â€Å"It is more difficult to fight against faith than against knowledge† (â€Å"30 Eye Catching Hitler Quotes.). In a dictatorship there is one ruler who is in charge of everything in the nation in which he/she rules. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn. Hitler also known as Fà ¼hrer; he was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as dictator from 1934 to 1945. Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany, he was one of the initial causes which triggeredRead MoreAdolf Hitler : Leading The Genocide1182 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2015 Adolf Hitler: Leading the Genocide The Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in 1941 to 1945. There are many components of this significant event. One important component was Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler contributed to the execution of Jews during WWII through his ideology, his dictatorship, and his leadership of the Nazi Party. To initiate, Hitler’s early life had a great impact on his ideologyRead MorePol Pot vs. Adolf Hitler Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesThough Communist leader Pol Pot and German nationalist Adolf Hitler can be compared in several ways, there are also myriad differences between their ascendancies. The social dispositions and executions of Adolf Hitler and Pol Pot, although similar in several ways, also differed for numerous reasons during their supremacies. The social perspectives and exploits of Hitler and Pol Pot have multiple similarities. For example, both Pol Pot and Hitler advocated and, to an extent, succeeded in mass executionRead MoreHitler vs. Gandhi1721 Words   |  7 Pagessmall western Indian state of Porbandar under the name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Ghandis Life) . When Gandhi was finished with high school, he entered a small Indian college, the Samaldas College at the University of Bombay (Mahatma). After beginning his education here, however, he decided he disliked and traveled to the University College London, leaving his wife and infant son (Ghandis Life). It was while attending school in London that he initially became exposed to the diversityRead MoreEssay about Profile of Adolf Hitler (1889 -1945)774 Words   |  4 Pages Profile of Adolf Hitler (1889 -1945) Family Background Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn, Austria. The town is near to the Austro-German border, and his father, Alois, worked as a customs officer on the border crossing. His mother, Klara, had previously given birth to two other children by Alois, (Gustav and Ida) but they both died in their infancy. Adolf attended school from the age of six and the family lived in various villagesRead MoreColby Warzecha. College English. 2017. The Rise And Fall1739 Words   |  7 PagesRise and Fall of Adolf Hitler WWII was undoubtedly one of the world’s greatest calamities with millions of lives lost. This war impacts the world even today. No person bears more responsibility than Adolf Hitler. It is important; however, to learn and understand his life so that the world does not repeat the same mistakes as seen in the 20th century. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. His father, Alois Hitler, worked as a mid-level customs official. His childhood seemedRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1271 Words   |  6 PagesAfter following in his father s footsteps and teaching English and philosophy to unruly boys at Bishop Wordsworth’s School, Golding abandoned his profession to join the Royal Navy and fight in World War II. Golding has said of the war, â€Å"I began to see what people were capable of doing. Anyone who moved through those years without understanding that man produces evil as a bee produces honey, must have been blind or wrong in the head† (â€Å"William Golding†). Written in the early 1950’s in Salisbury, EnglandRead MoreA Dystopian Society Is An Imbalance Between The Government And The People Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pages Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany Luigi Zavala Ms. Underhill 6 HELA 21 November 2016 Thesis Statement: A dystopian society is an imbalance between the government and the people and how their choices affect the society in a bad way; Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany is a very good example of a dystopian society. By analyzing Nazi Germany and Hitler’s tyranny, one can notice Adolf’s changes in Germany, his impacts on people, and how the genres of literature can be taught throughRead MoreThe Greatest Leader Of Adolf Hitler1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof cruelty and inhumanity, his name is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler is known as one of the most evil leaders in world history but was also the most successful leader. The achievements accomplished by Hitler makes him the most successful leader in all of world history. Before he became the man everyone knows of, he was full of failures and a very troublesome childhood. In the small Austrian town of Braunau, a boy named Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889. Young Adolf was very successful throughout

African Art Analysis Essay Example For Students

African Art Analysis Essay Category:HistoryPaper Title:African CultureText:Continuing Tradition, The Struggle For African Culture In AmericaAfrican-Americans as they are now known as, were originally pulled from theirhomelands, disconnecting them from all that they once knew. One way to remembertheir ancestors and the ways that they were brought up was to keep their culturealive in this new land. It freed them from the daily torture from their masters,healed them from their ailments, as well as entertained themselves and the whitefamilies. African-Americans kept folktales, music, religion, and variousspiritual practices alive while they were indentured here in the new lands. Their African traditions gave them self-respect, hope, and a sense of communityin their solitude (AP, 346). For almost two and a half centuriesAfricans-Americans were in servitude to their white oppressors. During thisperiod, African cultures were slowly mixed with the English traditions, formingsomething new and distinctive (RTAP, 142). Many religious songs are still heardin black churches today, and various customs are still practiced (RTAP, 152). Even English-American traditions changed and adapted slightly to Africancultural traditions. Many slaves would entertain their owners children withfolktales and songs, often white folklorists would come and record the eveningsfestivities (RTAP, 146). Famous childrens games such as Ring Around TheRosie originated from African games (RTAP, 152). Most of these folklores andsongs have been found to originate from Africa (RTAP, 146). Much folklore toldboth in Africa and America, had the same purposes: entertainment, prevention ofyouth promiscuity, teaching cooperation values, and the behavior of animals. Countless tales helped slaves cope with bondage, using characters to outwittheir masters and free themselves from servitude (RTAP, 148). Brer Rabbit wasone such character (RTAP, 162), he tricked his enemy into throwing into thebriar patch, The place where I was born, he would say (AP, 352). But thebriar patch was filled with thorns and roots, was this a reference to Africa orto slavery in America or neither?The slave practice of teaching songs and folklore remained an oral traditionfor many years, due to the ban on educating blacks (RTAP, 149). Some slavechildren were fortunate in the chance of being educated. Many slave ownerschildren would come home from their daily lessons and teach the slave childrento read and write, while hiding in a remote part of the forest. Many slaveowners thought that if they taught the slaves to read and write then the slaveswould learn to think for themselves and maybe even rebel (RTAP, 163). Overall, without slavery and African traditions, America would be a dullreplica of Europe. America altered food, music, religion, sexual restraint, andliterature through learning the African culture. Slaves helped American settlersdevelop their own traditions and sense of independence (RTAP, 158). From: Retreiving The American Past2001History

Business Strategy of Tesco Free-Samples-Myassignmenthlep.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of Tesco. Answer: Introduction This report is aimed to provide a comprehension of strategic management of an organisation. Strategic management is a very vital part of strategy which is used by a company to attain the competitive advantage in the market (Varbanova, 2013). The competition in the industries and various markets are intense due to globalisation and highly volatile technological environment. For this reason, every company is enforced to adopt the pivotal unique strategic structure in the organisation to deal with the external and internal environmental challenges (French, 2011). Thus, this report highlights the management of Tesco PLC Company that represents the strategic management integration for success of the company. Moreover, the report critically examines the generic business strategy that has been adopted by the Tesco PLC which enhances the knowledge associated with the strategic dimensions of an organisation. Similarly, the study investigates organisational culture in the Tesco featured by various parameters such as motivational theory and leadership style in the internal environment regarding individual and group behaviour. The report also explores the organisational structure entailing managerial, divisional and functional structure of Tesco PLC Company (Tesco PLC, 2017). Hence, this study emphasised to discuss about the strategic management dimensions that are generic business strategy, organisational culture and structure of Tesco PLC. About Tesco PLC Company Tesco PLC Company is one of the largest supermarket chains in the world. It was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 and now it is one of the biggest retailing stores in retail industry of UK (Tesco PLC, 2017). Tesco is situated in 11 more countries and headquartered in England, UK. At present, more than 476,000 employees in Tesco PLC work around the world. The company has various subsidies like Tesco Kipa, Tesco Ireland, Mobile, Bank, Tesco Stores Ltd. Dunnhumby, Spenhill and Tesco Family Dining Ltd. There are around 6553 stores in 2017 worldwide. In 2017, the company has generated 55,917 Million revenue and earnings before interest and tax of 1280 Billion (Tesco PLC, 2017). The company basically deals in all types of grocery including products including clothing, electricity, books, toys, furniture, softwares and other products for example petrol, financial services, internet services and telecoms (Tesco PLC, 2017). Tesco implements strategic approach to attain competitive advantage and c over the market all around the world. The company is focused to incorporate a simple and effective organisational culture and structure to operate the internal business functions conveniently. Tescos Generic Business Strategy Generic strategies are very useful and essential part of the operation and business function in any organisation (Morden, 2012). Porters generic strategic enhances the strategic management an organisation with its effective and consistent ways to achieve the beneficial position in the market to compete with the opposition organisation in the industry. Porters generic strategy is focused on the industrial aspects and determines three successful ways to attain competitive advantage through it that is cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Wilkinson and Kannan, 2013). These following strategies are described as follows: Cost leadership is the most integrated strategy in the huge and popular companies of the industry. It aims to facilitate products and services of good quality with a lower cost and higher profits (Ansoff, 2016). Along with this, it also standardise competitive prices in the market. This strategy is applied on the undifferentiated goods in the industry. Porters generic strategy is mainly procured with the help of effective and efficient supply chain management or value chain (Tesco PLC, 2017). Moreover, the higher profits earned by the company is also being invested in the business operations focused on reducing these prices even more. It is one of the oldest approach used by the organisations, nonetheless it emphasis on the analysis of external and internal environment to depict its optimum utility. Tesco also incorporates cost leadership strategy by pricing its products and services with low cost than any other competitor and with quite a higher margin (Hitt, et al., 2012). The company implies an effective and advanced value chain in the business operations that gives additional benefits to the company. There is a practice of cheap manufacturing and sales in Tesco which ensures the less working capital requirement in the business operations. Tesco also ensures manufacturing of good volumes of products in its own brand so that per product cost can be minimised apparently (Tesco PLC, 2017). Thus, the lower cost advantage helps the company in capturing UK market in wider area and with a higher profit. Differentiation in the products by the company is another strategy to offer unique and qualitative products and services from other competitors. This strategy assists the organisation to earn extra and exclusive prices pattern of an inimitable product provided to the customer by the organisation (Benett, et al., 2009). Furthermore, products and services of the company are highly qualitative and excellent performer that brings the market standards for other competitor. The differentiation strategy is based on the unusual idea, theme or technology by research and development department of the organisation. Differentiation strategy employs extra cost in the process of research, manufacturing and marketing of the products and services (Cummings and Angwin, 2015). These products are unique and hence needs more sales and marketing to promote its features and utility in a large scale. And once it launched with higher image and brand name it gives the huge revenue through premium pricing. However, it is a short term strategy because it attracts other competitors in the market with the same concept or technology in the same market with different prices. Sometimes it involves different concept for the same utility but with advanced and better features in the products. But this is also an essential part to provide sustainability to the company and retain customers in the market (Harrison and St. John, 2013). Besides this, Tesco also employs the differentiation strategy by providing various types of products in the same product line and segment. In addition to this, the company also offers unique and special features in the product and services along with the advanced technology and customised customer services. Focus is the third strategy that highlights the integration of any one of the strategy that is cost leadership or product and service differentiation (Cummings and Angwin, 2015). The organisations choose any one of the strategies at a time in its product and service operation. This helps the company in maintaining its competitiveness with single direction and building a strong brand image through one factor for competitive advantage in the long run. Likewise, there is a hybrid strategy that embroils both differentiation and lower cost strategy in the business operations to facilitate benefits of both the strategies (Schein, 2016). In the context of Tesco, it amalgamates both the strategies to access internal and external opportunities and reduce the industrial challenges. On the other hand, Tesco also deals with the supplier sector of the environment and frequent interaction of governmental or regulatory bodies in this process. Apart from this, Tesco also incorporates these strategies with the different geographical area in different forms like specific product in the specific market strategy (Cummings and Angwin, 2015). Thus, it can be identified with the discussion that Tesco is effectively operating its business functions with the hybrid strategy entailing cost leadership and differentiation strategies in UK retailing market. Organisational Culture Organisational culture is a valuable aspect of the company that shows the direction to its employees and top management to achieve the projected target and objectives (Cummings and Angwin, 2015). Tesco aims to provide effective products with great values to the great Britain. It is very essential to ensure the development of the company internally that the culture implemented in the organisation benefits its all stakeholders equally and not being biased. It is fundamentally pertaining with the vision and mission of the organisation aligned with the beliefs and values to determine the direction and standard control (Benett, et al., 2009). Cultural web theory provides insight about the followed culture in an organisation incorporating the symbolic, structure and political aspect of the organisation. It is a very effective tool to analyse the cultural management in the organisation. Cultural web theory explores the way of doing business operation and function of Tesco PLC Company intern ally and externally (Tesco PLC, 2017). It entails the belief and layers of values and behaviour to control and manage the staff and operations. Cultural web theory facilitates the understanding on how strategies of an organisation affects with actions that are taken for granted (Morgan, 2011). It stimulates the characteristics and understanding between the subculture and culture of an organisation regarding the upcoming strategies adopted by the organisation. It is structure system routine ritual and stories of an organisational behaviour to analyse the organisational culture. The taken for granted assumptions are being illustrated with the help of clues. In addition to this, Tesco integrates an extremely supportive and friendly approach to handle its top management employee to low level employee (Morgan, 2011). They are very humble to deal with the customers and share friendly approach is being used in the organisation. Furthermore, top level management always keen to help its lower hierarchy. The management reviews are being arranged every now and then to mark the performance and quality of the services by the staff member s. It ensures the constant efficiency of managers decision and staff performance in Tesco (Curtis, 2012.). It is one of the most prominent tools to measure the performance of the staff and effectiveness of strategies implemented in the organisational culture. organised as a ritual in important days and social events which promotes motivation and understanding between the workers and management of Tesco. For communication purpose, the company coordinates meeting time to time to explore new opportunities and reduce hurdles in the staff level or management level (Tesco PLC, 2017). Tesco has a very strong internal environment system comprised with the hierarchy system. Flexible environment in the organisational culture brings gradual and effective changes in the policy and performance of the organisation. Shared culture and belief enhances the loyalty of the employees towards the organisation and provide strength to achieve goal and objective appropriately. Decentralised structure of Tesco helps in the involvement of the employees and also reduces misunderstanding of the management and staff (Tesco PLC, 2017). It helps in changing the relationship of employer and employee positively as it loses control of command conveniently. Decentralised s tructure also accumulates coordination in inter departmental transaction. National culture influences the management practices of the organisations which is comprehend by the cross culture management. It helps in unfolding the uniqueness and uniformity in various cultures countrywide to help the organisation in growing and developing. Due to globalisation and outsourcing practices in the organisation it is one of the most crucial aspect to cover the cross culture in the cultural environment for effective management globally (Mason and Evans, 2015). Thus, the company is focused in adopting same level of reassurance with cross culture management in the organisation because Tesco has been expanding its business worldwide. At the same time, the company executes organisational theory which emphasise on the psychological connection between employer and employees and enhances their relation. It fortifies the strong organisational culture and focus on fair treatment of employees with effective management. Along with this Tesco use different management approaches in the organisational culture that helps in renewing and well-building the system (Tesco PLC, 2017). The management approaches involves system, contingency, social system and human relation approach which helps in improving the organisational culture. Apart from this, leadership styles such as directive as a transactional leader which examines the synchronisation of employees in unclear job duties and responsibility has been used in Tesco. Along with this, implementation of new strategy to achieve growth and development in the organisation also implemented as an effective leadership style (Varbanova, 2013). The leaders and top management also belie ves in motivational theories incorporation in the organisation culture to motivate and inspire staff members. Maslows hierarchy system as a need theory is applicable in Tesco that boosts the enthusiasm of employees to perform better and productive. Herzbergs two factor theory also encourages a hygienic work environment and conducted in Tesco as an international standard (Hensmans, et al., 2012). Thus, all of these behaviour belief and values of the organisation defines the organisation culture. Formal Organisational Structure The organisational structure of the company is based on the sector of the company that is public/ private sector plus the size of the company is also an important factor that determines its organisational structure (Blenko, et al., 2010). It also depends on the goals and motivation of an organisation which is associated with the profit earning purpose or welfare/ charity purpose (Leahy, 2012). Moreover, size of the company involving staff and physical resources is also criteria that differs the organisational structure of the company. Apart from this, functional organisational structure is based on the operations and technological implementation in the organisation (Aaker and McLoughlin, 2009). It is designed with the focus of organisation that deals in the higher skilled and technical knowledge based product or services sales. The responsibility of allocation of resources is on one of the functional manager but whole product comes under the group of senior executives or manager. It is a well structured and systematic structure to operate the business functions effectively with coordination between different individuals through meetings, detailed specification exchange and systematic organisational procedures (Haerifar, 2011). Divisional organisational structure is separated with the different departments for distinct activities which further divided into small units of operations. The operations and activities that divide the department are HR, finance, marketing, production and sales. Departmental managers are r esponsible for each division and operation related with that function (Haerifar, 2011). However, there is also hierarchy as top to bottom reporting and responsibility in this organisational structure. In Tesco, organisational structure has some pivotal feature that diverse it from other organisations such as Tescos culture is shared friendly, high employees empowerment, it depends on geographical area, decentralising decision making and structure, flexible work environment plus shared value and belief among employees and top management (Aaker and McLoughlin, 2009). Now, the organisational structure of the company is as follows. At this time, ten members of the company are in the board of directors list of the company. John Allan is the chairman of the board with the new CFO Alan Steward and new appointed CEO Dave Lewis. In 2015-16, four Non-Executive Directors are being retired with three new appointments of Non-Executive Directors. 30% with the direct repercussion on the top management of the organisation is being announced by Mr Lewis by reducing costs in the head office functions (Tesco PLC, 2017). There are five committees in the Tesco that reports the board in its governance structure which are Audit committee, nomination committee, disclosure committee, corporate responsibility committee and remuneration committee. Figure 1(Tesco organisational committees) The organisational structure of Tesco is based on the large size of the business and highly hierarchical. In large or mega stores, there can be even four other layers of management (Seth and Randall, 2011). The organisational structure of the company changes with the size of the store such as Metro, Superstore, Extra format along with the location, range of the products, price and other store specific factors (Tesco PLC, 2017). Thus, following figures in the organisational structure do not represent a rigid structure. Figure 2 (Tesco Department organisation Structure) Conclusion The above discussion presents the three dimensions of strategic management implemented in Tesco entailing generic business strategy, organisational culture and organisational structure of the organisation. Along with this, the report is illustrating the connection between these strategies to provide an effective implementation of system and smooth operation of business functions. The Porters generic business strategy in Tesco helps the company in achieving the competitive advantage in the market. The company executes hybrid strategy to achieve the benefit of cost leadership and product differentiation simultaneously. In addition to this, the organisational structure is based on the hierarchy from top level management to lower level of management comprising of the five committees. The organisational culture of the company is depended on the beliefs, values and behaviour of the management towards employees. 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